Canada imported approximately 74,000 tonnes of chromium-containing products in 1991.5 Chromium (VI) is used to make pigments for dyeing textiles, tanning leather and colouring glass. Chromium is used widely for electroplating and for making alloys, including stainless steel.2,6 It also has uses in wood preservation and corrosion control.1,2.

The MgO bricks were generally used as the refractory linings in electric furnace smelting of chromite ore. The reaction mechanisms between the MgO refractory and CaO-Al 2 O 3-SiO 2-MgO-Cr 2 O 3 slags were experimentally investigated. The elemental distribution and phase compositions at the contact surface between slags and …

Metal recovery in PGE smelting is typically reported to be between 92-95 per cent. and in refining over 99 per cent. A deduction of 10 per cent (or 90 per cent payability) of contained metal value would result in the processor receiving between 1-6 per cent of the contained metal value, depending on smelting and refining operation recoveries.

Industrially, the pyrometallurgical treatment of laterites is mostly accomplished with a well-established method, namely, the rotary kiln–electric arc furnace (RKEF) process, which includes ...

Ferrochrome is made by smelting chromite ore in an electric arc furnace with flux materials (quartz, dolomite, limestone, and aluminosilicates) and a carbonaceous reductant ... Calcining, roasting, smelting, and refining are pyrometallurgical processes used to recover metal. Hydrometallurgical recovery mainly employs the leaching …

Pulverized Chromite ore has been injected into 20kg of carbon containing iron melt from the bottom of crucible, so that the ore is reduced by the dissolved carbon. The effects of temperature, ore injection rate, flow rate of gas and particle size of the ore on the chromium yield and reduction rate have been examined.The chromium yield increases linearly with …

Conventional smelting or converting produces a sulphide matte of about 0.2% PGMs, which is further treated in the base metals refinery to recover a PGM concentrate of 30% to 65% PGMs, which is ...

Sudbury gets $1.8B chromite smelter; The land claims owned by Noront in the Ring of Fire region were purchased from Cliffs Natural Resources in 2015. Before Cliffs sold the claims, it had ...

The penetration and corrosion resistance to copper and anode slag of six magnesia–chromite and six chrome-free refractory brick types were tested using static finger tests at a typical copper-refining temperature (1300 °C). The microstructures of the as-delivered and tested refractory types were investigated by means of electron-probe …

Two main products can be achieved from the refining of chromite namely: ferrochromium and metallic chromium. ... The traditional chromite smelting technology involves charging the chromite ore into a submerged AC Electric Arc Furnace (Figure 1) and reductants (coke, coal and quartzite) added to reduce the ore into ferrochrome. ...

At a smelting temperature of 1565 ± 10°C, the chromium content further increased to 2.8 ± 0.2 wt.% at a quaternary basicity of 0.69 ± 0.01 and a FeO content of …

Considering the significant differences in the impact of Cr(VI) on human health and the environment, as opposed to Cr(III) and Cr(0), it is important to consider …

During chromite smelting, the Fe- and Cr-oxide constituencies of chromite are reduced to their metallic states, i.e., Fe 0 and Cr 0, which subsequently form the FeCr alloy. However, an appreciable fraction of the Fe and Cr are in their carbide form . Of these oxides, the Fe-oxides are reduced and metalized at temperatures lower than Cr-oxide.

Experimental smelting of three batches of prereduced chromite raw materials with different degrees of metallization of chromium was conducted in the 0.2 MVA ore-smelting furnace of the Chemical and Metallurgical Institute named after Zh. Abishev (Karaganda). To assess the performance indicators of the remelting of prereduced …

The global demand for chromite, (Fe, Mg, Al)Cr 2 O 4, is driven by the need for ferrochrome to be used in wide applications for manufacturing different materials (Cramer et al. 2004).The chromite mining as well as the overall mining sector in South Africa has historically been a crucial factor in the economic growth and advancement of …

To assess the performance indicators of the remelting of prereduced chromite raw materials in industrial direct-current furnaces, a batch of base charge …

Modified date: 23/04/2023. Chromium (Cr) ore refers to a natural mineral deposit that contains chromium in its raw form. Chromium is a chemical element with the symbol Cr …

The rotary kiln-electric furnace process accounts for two-thirds of the global nickel output. The raw laterite nickel ore contains approximately 1–5 wt.% Cr2O3, but its recovery is limited during smelting. Due to the inefficient utilization, the accumulated Cr-containing slags are potential environmental risks. This work provides positive results …

Refining. The impurities contained in the metal product of the roasting/reduction process are removed. ... Ferrochrome ( alloy of Fe and Cr) can be produced in the reduction of Cr in an Fe compound containing its chromite ore, Fe(CrO 2) 2. Ferrovanadium ( alloy of Fe and V) ... Step 3: Smelting: mixing with coke/charcoal …

If carbon and Cr2O3 are combined in a molar ratio of 3:1 and subjected to increasing temperature, a number of oxidation-reduction …

The smelting of low- and extra-low-carbon ferrochrome is also carried out on a large scale by Perrin process, in which two electric furnaces are used in production. One is for smelting silicochromium and another is for melting slags composed of chrome ore and lime. The desilication refining reaction is carried out in two stages in two buckets.

the annals of "dunarea de jos" university of galati fascicle ix. metallurgy and materials science . 1 - 2019, issn 2668-4748; e-issn 2668-4756

Chromite Ore Extraction: The first step in the refining process is the extraction of chromite ore, which typically contains chromium, iron, and oxygen. Chromite deposits are mined in various countries, including South Africa, India, and Kazakhstan. The extracted ore is then transported to smelting facilities for further processing. 2.

Two main products can be achieved from the refining of chromite namely: ferrochromium and metallic chromium. Smelting operation must be carried out on the chromite ore in …

The results indicate that optimum reduction and dissolution of the chromite in submerged arc smelting may be achieved by enhancing preoxidation of the pellets during pelletising to maximise M 2 O ...

The interaction between hydrogen and chromite only yields water, foregoing the generation of significant volumes of CO-rich off-gas during traditional smelting …

PGMs from high grade chromite ores (containing 200–2000 g/t PGM along with 0.4–2.8% Cr 2 O 3) are conventionally recuperated by matte-smelting-refining process as shown in Fig. 1 [3, 11]. The chromite rich ores are generally processed by conventional flotation in a mill-float-mill-float (MF2) open circuit prior to recovery of …

Chromium-III is found in the mineral chromite. The main use for chromite ore mined today is the production of an iron-chromium alloy called ferrochrome (FeCr), which is used to make stainless steel. Extensive chromite deposits have been identified in northern Ontario 500 km north-east of Thunder Bay in the area dubbed the Ring of Fire.

Copper Content in Ores and Concentrates. A global copper mine-by-mine review undertaken by ICSG found that the global average copper ore grade was as low as 0.45% copper in reported reserves and only 0.65% copper in 2015 copper mine production. Global weighted average of copper concentrate output in a large sample of plants was …